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A. Application Papers
ATTOSCIENCE
Attosecond real-time observation of electron tunnelling in atoms
M. Uiberacker, T. Uphues, M. Schultze, A. J. Verhoef, V. Yakovlev, M. F. Kling, J. Rauschenberger, N. M. Kabachnik, H. Schröder, M. Lezius, K. L. Kompa, H.-G. Muller, M. J. J. Vrakking, S. Hendel, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, F. Krausz
Nature, Vol. 446, pp. 627-632 (2007)
Carrier-envelope phase-stabilized amplifier system
J. Rauschenberger, T. Fuji, M. Hentschel, A.-J. Verhoef, T. Udem, C. Gohle, T.W. Hansch, F. Krausz
Laser Physics Letters 1-6 (2005)
Monolithic carrier-envelope phase-stabilization scheme
T. Fuji, J. Rauschenberger, A. Apolonski, V.S. Yakovlev, G. Tempea, F. Krausz
Optics Letters, Vol. 30, No.3 (2005)
Attosecond control of optical waveforms
T. Fuji, J. Rauschenberger, C. Gohle, A. Apolonski, T. Udem, V.S. Yakovlev, G. Tempea, T.W. Hänsch, F. Krausz
New Journal of Physics, Vol.7, p. 116 (2005)
Attosecond Metrology with Controlled Light Waveforms
M. Uiberacker, E. Goulielmakis, R. Kienberger, A. Baltuska, T. Westerwalbesloh,
U. Keineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, F. Krausz
Laser Physics, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 195–204 (2005)
Direct Measurement of Light Waves
E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, R. Kienberger, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, F. Krausz
Science, Vol. 305, pp. 1267 -1269 (2004)
In the Blink of an Eye
A. Hellmann
Science, Vol. 306, p. 1313 (2004)
Atomic transient recorder
R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, T. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, F. Krausz
Nature, Vol. 427, pp. 817-821 (2004)
Phase-Controlled Amplification of Few-Cycle Laser Pulses
A. Baltuska, M. Uiberacker, E. Goulielmakis, R. Kienberger, V.S. Yakovlev, T. Udem, T.W. Hänsch, F. Krausz
Invited Paper, IEEE Journal of selected topics in quantum electronics, VOL. 9, No. 4, pp. 972-989 (2003)
Attosecond control of electronic processes by intense light fields
A. Baltuska, T. Udem, M. Uiberacker, M. Hentschel, E. Goulielmakis, C. Gohle, R. Holzwarth, V.S. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, T.W. Hänsch, F. Krausz
Nature, Vol. 421, pp. 611-615 (2003)
X-ray Pulses Approaching the Attosecond Frontier
M. Drescher, M. Hentschel, R. Kienberger, G. Tempea, C. Spielmann, G.A. Reider, P.B. Corkum, F. Krausz
Science, Vol. 291, p.1923-1927, Mar. 2001
IMAGING
Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging of biomolecules
R. Rungsawang et al.
Nippon Bunko Gakkai Koen Yoshishu (2006)
Towards time-resolved THz imaging
P. Planken, H.J. Bakker
Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, Vol. 78, No 4 (2004)
Opto-electronic pulsed THz systems
C M Planken et al
Semiconductor Science and Technology, Issue 7 (2005)
A terahertz system using semi-large emitters: noise and performance characteristics
G. Zhao, R. N. Schouten, N. van der Valk, W. T. Wenckebach, P. Planken
Physics in Medicine and Biology, Issue 21 (2002)
Voltage-controlled intracavity THz generator
J. Darmo, T. Muller, G. Strasser, K. Unterrainer, T. Le, A. Sting l
Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO '02. Technical Digest (2002)
Submicrometer axial resolution optical coherence tomography
B. Povazay et al
Optics Letters, Vol. 27, No. 20
Compact, low-cost Ti:Al2O3 laser for in vivoultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography
Unterhuber et al.
Optics Letters, Vol. 28, No. 11
Precision of extracting absorption profiles from weakly cattering media with spectroscopic time-domain optical coherence tomography
Hermann et al.
Optics Express, Vol. 12, No. 8
En-face scanning optical coherence tomography with ultra-high resolution for material investigation
K. Wiesauer et al.
Optics Express, Vol. 13, No. 3
Three-dimensional imaging using spectral encoding heterodyne interferometry
D. Yelin et al.
Optics Letters, Vol. 30, No. 14
Endoscope-tip interferometer for ultrahigh resolution frequency domain optical coherence tomography in mouse colon
Leitgeb et al.
Optics Letters, Vol. 31, No. 16
Imaging subcellular scattering contrast by using combined optical coherence and multiphoton microscopy
S. Tang et al.
Optics Letters, Vol. 32, No. 5
Increasing efficiency of two-photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation using ultrashort pulses
S. Tang, T.B. Krasieva, Z. Chen, G. Tempea, B.J. Tromberg
Proc. SPIE 6089, 60891R (2006)
Effect of pulse duration on two-photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation in nonlinear optical microscopy
S. Tang, T.B. Krasieva, Z. Chen, G. Tempea, B.J. Tromberg
Biomed. Opt. 11, 020501 (2006)
Undistorted delivery of sub-15-fs pulses via high-numerical-aperture microscope objectives
G. Tempea, B. Považay, A. Assion, A. Isemann, W. Pervak, M. Kempe, A. Stingl, W. Drexler
Proc. SPIE 6442, 64420P (2007)
Dispersion Management for Microscope Objectives
G. Tempea, T. Le, M. Hofer, A. Stingl, W. Drexler
CLEO/QELS, 22.04-27.04, Baltimore, USA (2005)
All-Chirped-Mirror Pulse Compressor for Nonlinear Microscopy
G. Tempea, B. Považay, A. Assion, A. Isemann, V. Pervak, M. Kempe, A. Stingl, W. Drexler
Post-deadline poster, International Conference on Multi-photon Phenomena ICOMP 2005, 9.10-14.10, Orford, Canada (2005)
All-Chirped-Mirror Pulse Compressor for Nonlinear Microscopy
G. Tempea, B. Považay, A. Assion, A. Isemann, W. Pervak, M. Kempe, A. Stingl, W. Drexler
Biomedical Optics 2006, 19.03-22.03, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA (2006)
All-Chirped-Mirror Pulse Compressor for Nonlinear Microscopy
G. Tempea, B. Považay, A. Assion, A. Isemann, W. Pervak, M. Kempe, A. Stingl, W. Drexler
CLEO 2006, 21.05-26.05, Long beach, CA, USA (2006)
ULTRAFAST SPECTROSCOPY
Interferometric Fourier transform coherent antistokes Raman scattering
M. Cui, M. Joffre, J. Skodack, J. Ogilvie
Optics Express, Vol. 14, No. 18, p. 8448 (2006)
Single-pulse coherently controlled nonlinear Raman spectroscopy and microscopy
N. Dudovich, D. Oron, Y. Silberberg
Nature, Vol. 418, p. 512, (2002)Standoff detection of trace amounts of solids by nonlinear Raman spectroscopy using shaped femtosecond pulses
O. Katz, A. Natan, S. Rosenwaks, Y. Silberberg
Appl. Phys. Lett, Vol. 92, p. 171116, (2008)
Ionization of noble gases with pulses directly from a laser oscillator
S. Dewald, T. Lang, C.D. Schröter, R. Moshammer, J.Ullrich, M. Siegel, U. Morgner
Optics. Letters, Vol. 31, No. 13, pp. 2072-2074 (2006)
Ultrafast optical excitations of metallic nanostructures: from light confinement to a novel electron source
C. Ropers, T. Elsaesser, G. Cerullo, M. Zavelani-Rossi, C. Lienau
New Journal of Physics 9, p. 397 (2007)
Observing time-dependent vibrational quantum dynamics in deuterium hydride molecular ions
J. Mckenna, W.A. Bryan, C.R. Calvert, E.M.L. English, J. Woods, D.S. Murphy, I.C.E. Turcu, J.M. Smith, K.G. Ertel, O. Chekhlov, E.J. Divall, J.F. Mccann, W.R. Newell and I.D. Williams
Journal of Modern Optics Vol. 54, No. 7, p. 1127–1138 (2007)
Two-color facility based on a broadly tunable infrared free-electron laser and a subpicosecond-synchronized 10-fs-Ti:sapphire laser
G. M. H. Knippels, M. J. van de Pol, H. P. M. Pellemans, P. C. M. Planken, and A. F. G. van der Meer
Optics Letters, Vol. 23, No. 22, p. 1754-1756, 1998
Quasi-near field terahertz generation and detection
R. Chakkittakandy, Jos. A.W.M. Vorver, P.C.M. Planken
Optical Society of America, 2008
Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging of biomolecules
R. Rungsawang et al.
Nippon Bunko Gakkai Koen Yoshishu, 2006
Opto-electronic pulsed THz systems
C M Planken et al.
Semiconductor Science and Technology, Issue 7, July 2005
Sampling of broadband THz pulses with thick EO crystals
T. Kampfrath, J. Nötzold, M. Wolf
Applied Physics Letters (2007)
Direct field-resolved detection of THz transients with amplitudes of MV per cm
K. Reimann, R.P. Smith, A.M. Weiner, T. Elsaesser, M. Woerner
Optics Letters (2003)
Frequency-comb infrared spectrometer for rapid, remote chemical sensing
A. Schliesser, M. Brehm, F. Keilmann, D. van der Weide
Optics Express, Vol. 13, Issue 22, pp. 9029-9038
MATERIALS PROCESSING
Pearl-chain waveguides written at megahertz repetition rate
R. Graf, A. Fernandez, M. Dubov, H.J. Brueckner, B.N. Chichkov, A. Apolonski
Applied Physics B 87, Lasers and Optics, 21-27 (2007)
Femtosecond laser-induced damage of dielectrics
M. Lenzner
International Journal of Modern Physics B
Precision laser ablation of dielectrics in the 10-fs regime
M. Lenzner, J. Krüger, W.Kautek, F. Krausz
Applied Physics A 68, pp. 369-371 (1999)
Femtosecond Optical Breakdown in Dielectrics
M. Lenzner, J. Krüger, S. Sartania, Z. Cheng, Ch. Spielmann, G. Mourou, W. Kautek, F. Krausz
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 80, No. 18 , pp. 4076-4079 (1998)
Chirped-pulse oscillators repair photomasks
A. Fuerbach, A. Stingl, M. Essary
Laser Focus World (2004)
http://www.laserfocusworld.com/
Maskless nonlinear lithography with femtosecond laser pulses
J. Koch, E. Fadeeva, M. Engelbrecht, C. Ruffert, H.H. Gatzen, A. Ostendorf, B.N. Chichkov
Applied Physics A, Materials Science & Processing, 82 (2006) 1, S. 23–26
Direct-write subwavelength structuring with femtosecond laser pulses
J. Koch, F. Korte, C. Fallnich, A. Ostendorf, B.N. Chichkov
Optical Engineering 44, 5, p. 51103-1-5 (2005)
Nanotexturing of gold films by femtosecond laser-induced melt dynamics
J. Koch, F. Korte,T. Bauer, C. Fallnich, A. Ostendorf, B.N. Chichkov
Applied Physics A 81, 2, pp. 325–328 (2005)
Influence of spatiotemporal coupling induced by an ultrashort laser pulse shaper on a focused beam profile
T. Tanabe, K. Fumihiko, F. Korte, J. Koch, B. Chichkov
Applied Optics, Vol. 44, 6, pp. 1092–1098 (2005)
AMPLIFIER SEEDING
Mourou et al Opt. Com. Vol. 62, 1987
Campbell et al Appl.Phys.D 2004
Spielmann et al Opt.Comm 2002
B. Product papers
AMPLIFIER
Attosecond control of electronic processes by intense light fields
A. Baltuska, T. Udem, M. Uiberacker, M. Hentschel, E. Goulielmakis, Ch. Gohle, R. Holzwarth V.S. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, T.W. Hänsch, F. Krausz
Nature, Vol. 421, 6, (2003)
Atomic transient recorder
R. Kienberger, E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, F. Bammer, A. Scrinzi, T. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, F. Krausz
Nature, Vol. 427, pp. 817-821 (2004)
Direct Measurement of Light Waves
E. Goulielmakis, M. Uiberacker, R. Kienberger, A. Baltuska, V. Yakovlev, A. Scrinzi, Th. Westerwalbesloh, U. Kleineberg, U. Heinzmann, M. Drescher, F. Krausz
Science, Vol. 305, pp. 1267 -1269 (2004)OSCILLATOR
High Energy Oscillators
Quasi-near field terahertz generation and detection
R. Chakkittakandy, Jos. A.W.M. Vorver, P.C.M. Planken
Optical Society of America, 2008Chirped-pulse oscillators: a route to high-power femtosecond pulses without external amplification
Fernandez, T. Fuji, A. Poppe, A. Fürbach, F. Krausz, A. Apolonski
Optics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 12, pp. 1366-1368 (2004)
Approaching the micro joule frontier with femtosecond laser oscillators
S. Naumov, A. Fernandez, R. Graf, P. Dombi, F. Krausz, A. Apolonski
New Journal of Physics, Vol. 7 (2005)
Approaching the micro joule frontier with femtosecond laser oscillators: theory and comparison with experiments
V.L. Kalashnikov, E. Podivilov, A. Chernykh, S. Naumov, A. Fernandez, R. Graf, A. Apolonski
New Journal of Physics, Vol. 7 (2005)
Generation of 60nJ sub-40-fs pulses at 70 MHz repetition rate from a Ti:sapphire chirped pulse-oscillator,
A.Fernández, A. Verhoef, V. Pervak, G. Lermann, F. Krausz, A. Apolonski,
Applied Physics. B, 87, pp. 395-398 (2007)
Harriott Cell
Off-Axis Paths in Spherical Mirror Interferometers
D. Herriott, H. Kogelnik, R. Kompfner
Applied Optics, Vol. 3, No. 4, p. 523-526 (1964)
Design criteria for Herriott-type multi-pass cavities for ultrashort pulse lasers
A.Sennaroglu, J.G. Fujimoto
Optics Express, Vol. 11, No. 9, pp. 1106-1113 (2003)En-face scanning optical coherence tomography with ultra-high resolution for material investigation
K. Wiesauer et al.
Optics Express, Vol. 13, No. 3
Terahertz spectroscopy and imaging of biomolecules
R. Rungsawang et al.
Nippon Bunko Gakkai Koen Yoshishu (2006)90 mJ parametric chirped pulse amplification of 10 fs pulses
F. Tavella, A. Marcinkevicius, F. Krausz
Optics Express, Vol. 14, No. 26, pp. 12822-12827, (2006)
Parametric amplification of few-cycle carrier envelope phase-stable pulses at 2.1 _m
T. Fuji, N. Ishii, C. Y. Teisset, X. Gu, Th. Metzger, A. Baltuška, N. Forget, D. Kaplan, A. Galvanauskas, F. Krausz
Optics Letters, Vol. 31, No. 8, pp. 1103-1105, (2006)
Monolithic carrier-envelope phase-stabilization scheme
Takao Fuji, Jens Rauschenberger, Alexander Apolonski, Vladislav S. Yakovlev, Gabriel Tempea, F. Krausz, T. Udem, C. Gohle, T.W. Hänsch, W. Lehnert, M. Scherer
Optics Letters, Vol. 30, No. 3 (2005)
Ultrafast dynamics and carrier-envelope phase sensitivity of multiphoton photoemission from metal surfaces
P. Dombi, F. Krausz, G. Farkas
Journal of Modern Optics, Vol. 53, Nos. 1–2, pp. 163–172 (2006)
Localized Multiphoton Emission of Femtosecond Electron Pulses from Metal Nanotips
C. Ropers, D. R. Solli, C. P. Schulz, C. Lienau, T. Elsaesser
Physical Review Letters, No. 98 (2007)Observing time-dependent vibrational quantum dynamics in deuterium hydride molecular ions
J. Mckenna, W.A. Bryan, C.R. Calvert, E.M.L. English, J. Woods, D.S. Murphy, I.C.E. Turcu, J.M. Smith, K.G. Ertel, O. Chekhlov, E.J. Divall, J.F. Mccann, W.R. Newell and I.D. Williams
Journal of Modern Optics Vol. 54, No. 7, p. 1127–1138 (2007)Two-color facility based on a broadly tunable infrared free-electron laser and a subpicosecond-synchronized 10-fs-Ti:sapphire laser
G. M. H. Knippels, M. J. van de Pol, H. P. M. Pellemans, P. C. M. Planken, and A. F. G. van der Meer
Optics Letters, Vol. 23, No. 22, p. 1754-1756 (1998)
FEMTOSOURCE™ synergy™ | twin synergy™Interferometric Fourier transform Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering
Frequency-comb infrared spectrometer for rapid, remote chemical sensing
M. Cui, M. Joffre, J. Skodack, J.P. Ogilvie
Optics Express, Vol. 14, Issue 18, pp. 8448-8458 (2006)
Fourier-transform coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy
J. P. Ogilvie, E. Beaurepaire, A. Alexandrou, M. Joffre
Optics Letters, Vol. 31, Issue 4, pp. 480-482 (2006)
A. Schliesser, M. Brehm, F. Keilmann, D. van der Weide
Optics Express, Vol. 13, Issue 22, pp. 9029-9038
OPTICS
Chirped multilayer coatings for broadband dispersion control in femtosecond lasers
R. Szipöcs, K. Ferencz, C. Spielmann, F. Krausz
Optics Letters. 19, 201 (1994)
Dispersion control over 150 THz with chirped dielectric mirrors
G. Tempea, F. Krausz, C. Spielmann, K. Ferencz
IEEE JSTQE 4, 193 (1998)
Chirped Mirror Optimization
V. Yakovlev , G. Tempea
Applied Optics 41, 6514 (2002)
Synthesis and manufacturing the mirrors for ultrafast optics
V. Pervak, S. Naumov, G. Tempea, V. Yakovlev, F. Krausz, A. Apolonski
Proc. of SPIE 5963, 59631 (2005)
Pulse compression with time-domain optimized chirped mirrors
P. Dombi, V. Yakovlev, K. O'Keeffe, T. Fuji, M. Lezius, G. Tempea
Optics Express 13, pp. 10888-10894 (2005)
Interference Coatings for Ultrafast Optics, in Optical Interference Coatings
G. Tempea, V. Yakovlev, F. Krausz, , N. Kaiser, H. Pulker, editors
Springer Series in Optical Sciences, Springer Berlin Heidelberg (2003)
Tilted-front-interface chirped mirrors
G. Tempea, V. Yakovlev, B. Bakovic, F. Krausz, K. Ferencz
JOSA B 18, 1747 (2001)
ACCESSORIES
Increasing efficiency of two-photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation using ultrashort pulses
S. Tang, T.B. Krasieva, Z. Chen, G. Tempea, B.J. Tromberg, Proc. SPIE 6089, 60891R (2006)
Effect of pulse duration on two-photon excited fluorescence and second harmonic generation in nonlinear optical microscopy
S. Tang, T.B. Krasieva, Z. Chen, G. Tempea, B.J. Tromberg, Biomed. Opt. 11, 020501 (2006)
Undistorted delivery of sub-15-fs pulses via high-numerical-aperture microscope objectives
G. Tempea, B. Považay, A. Assion, A. Isemann, W. Pervak, M. Kempe, A. Stingl, W. Drexler, Proc. SPIE 6442, 64420P (2007)
Dispersion Management for Microscope Objectives
G. Tempea, T. Le, M. Hofer, A. Stingl, W. Drexler, CLEO/QELS, 22.04-27.04, Baltimore, USA (2005)
All-Chirped-Mirror Pulse Compressor for Nonlinear Microscopy
G. Tempea, B. Považay, A. Assion, A. Isemann, V. Pervak, M. Kempe, A. Stingl, W. Drexler, Post-deadline poster, International Conference on Multi-photon Phenomena ICOMP 2005, 9.10-14.10, Orford, Canada (2005)
All-Chirped-Mirror Pulse Compressor for Nonlinear Microscopy
G. Tempea, B. Považay, A. Assion, A. Isemann, W. Pervak, M. Kempe, A. Stingl, W. Drexler, Biomedical Optics 2006, 19.03-22.03, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA (2006)
All-Chirped-Mirror Pulse Compressor for Nonlinear Microscopy
G. Tempea, B. Považay, A. Assion, A. Isemann, W. Pervak, M. Kempe, A. Stingl, W. Drexler, CLEO 2006, 21.05-26.05, Long beach, CA, USA (2006)
Optical Interference Coatings for Femtosecond Nonlinear Microscopy
G. Tempea, B. Považay, A. Assion, A. Isemann, W. Pervak, M. Kempe, A. Stingl, W. Drexler, Optical Interference Coatings Topical Meeting, 03.06-08.06, Tucson AZ, USA (2007), A. M. Larson and A. T. Yeh, Opt. Lett. 31, 1681 (2006)A DC/RF Gun for generating ultra-short high-brightness electron bunches
F.B. Kiewiet, O.J. Luiten, G.J.H. Brussaard, J.J.M. Botman, M.J. van der Wiel, Proceedings of EPAC 2000, Vienna, Austria, p.1660-1662
Two-color facility based on a broadly tunable infrared free-electron laser and a subpicosecond-synchronized 10-fs-Ti:sapphire laser
G.M.H. Knippels, M.J. van de Pol, H.P.M. Pellemans, P.C.M. Planken, and A. F.G. van der Meer
Optics Letters, Vol. 23, No. 22, p. 1754-1756 (1998)
KALEIDOSCOPE™ - Hollow Fiber Compressor
Intense 1.5-cycle near infrared laser waveforms and their use for the generation of ultra-broadband soft-x-ray harmonic continua
A.L. Cavalieri, E. Goulielmakis, B. Horvath, W. Helml, M. Schultze, M. Fieß, V. Pervak, L. Veisz, V.S. Yakovlev, M. Uiberacker, A. Apolonski, F. Krausz, R. Kienberger, New Journal of Physics, 9, p.242, 2007
Pulse compression with time-domain optimized chirped mirrors
P. Dombi, V. S. Yakovlev, K. O'Keeffe, T. Fuji, M. Lezius, G. Tempea, Optics Express, Vol. 13, No. 26, p. 10888-10894, (2005)
Compression of the pulses of a Ti:sapphire laser system to 5 femtoseconds at 0.2 terawatt level
A.J. Verhoef1, J. Seres, K. Schmid, Y. Nomura, G. Tempea, L. Veisz, F. Krausz, Applied Physics B - Lasers and Optics, 2006Control and measurement of ultrashort pulse shapes (in amplitude and phase) with femtosecond accuracy
J.-C. M. Diels et.al.
Applied Optics, Vol.24, No. 9, p.1270, 1985
This is one of the first papers dealing with intensity and interferometric autocorrelation in detail.
Measurement of ultrashort pulse durations by interferometric autocorrelation: influence of various parameters
F. Hache et.al.
Applied Optics, Vol. 35, No.18, p. 3230, 1996
In this paper effects of group velocity mismatch, group velocity dispersion, fundamental depletion and pulse shape on pulse durations measured by FRAC are discussed.
Measurement of interferometric autocorrelation: comment
C. Spielmann, L. Xu, F. Krausz
Applied Optics, Vol. 36, No. 12, p. 2523, 1997
In this paper the influence of the asymmetric Michelson interferometer in FRAC measurements for sub-10fs pulses is discussed.
Experimental and theoretical demonstration of validity and limitations in fringe-resolved autocorrelations measured for pulses of few optical cycles
K. Yamane, et. al.
Optics Express, Vol. 12, No. 12, p. 2762, 2004
This paper shows the limitation of FRAC method with 10µm thick BBO for the characterization of few-optical-cycle pulses – the limit is determined at sub 5fs-pulse-durations.




